A Distinct Concepts Of Liberty - 1472 Words

Berlin argued that there were two very distinct concepts of liberty competing in the history of political philosophy. Negative liberty describes the freedom not to be interfered with. It is the common and common sense understanding of freedom. Liberal societies (small-l) try to arrange government to give individuals the largest sphere of liberty concerning important human values – speech, worship, property and so forth -- compatible with the maximum liberty of others. Positive liberty is more complicated and not so common-sensical. It is the freedom to do something. It describes the capacity to exercise liberty, not just the absence of interference. What good is the freedom to own property, for example, if you have no money? Liberty without capacity, in the positive conception, is meaningless. Negative liberty is the first political value among many in the political philosophies in the English liberal tradition and in the liberal democracies they have shaped. In theocratic societies and in the European political philosophies of the counter-Enlightenment, negative liberty is trivial; their ultimate political values vary by ideology – from salvation to sharia to equality – and liberty means having the conditions and capacity for the right values to flourish. Positive liberty always entails a concept of the good life; negative liberty assumes there are many good lives. What gave Berlin’s ideas such sway was not the brilliance and novelty of the distinction betweenShow MoreRelatedAristotle, Joseph Schumpeter, Milton Friedman, And John Rawls1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of equality is multi-faceted and widely debated among scholars. While there is no singular definition for equality, equality deals with the distribution of some â€Å"thing† in a specific domain. For this paper, equality will be narrowed down to the domains of economic and political. It is essential to note that distinct types of equality can become conditions for equality in a different domain. In this case, economic equality will be analyzed as a condition for political equality. How isRead MoreAnalysis Of Isaiah Berlin s Two Concepts Of Liberty1642 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"Two Concepts of Liberty†, Isaiah Berlin examines two different conceptions of freedom: positive and negative liberty. He begins by discussing negative freedom, which he define s as â€Å"the area within which the subject †¦ is or should be left to do or be what he is able to do or be, without interference by other persons† (169). Under this definition, an individual is not free if he is coerced by another individual from making a decision he or she would naturally make. When discussing negative freedomRead MoreAmerica Is A Nation That Created By Settlers And Immigrants948 Words   |  4 Pagesother country for numerous reasons. America is a nation that was created by settlers and immigrants; it boasts an inherently diverse assemblage of citizens, unlike many other countries in the world. It’s a country that was built by people with a distinct set of values that honor an individual’s â€Å"God-given† rights; a set of values that further shaped how the world came to understand and view humanity. Admittedly, what I’ve come to learn about America feels fairly distant, as America has grown andRead MoreNegative and Po sitive Liberty Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesNegative and positive liberty are best understood as distinct values within Berlin’s own scheme of value pluralism. While an increase in either is desirable, ceteris paribus, attempting to maximize any single idea of liberty without regard to any other values necessarily entails absurd and clearly undesirable conclusions; any sensible idea of jointly maximizing freedom in general, therefore, must acknowledge the tradeoffs inherent in increasing one aspect of freedom or another. The tension here isRead MoreUniversalism And Relativism Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesThe concepts of Universalism and Relativism are fundamental to Justice Studies insofar as the perceptions of justice/injustice heavily rely on either one of these points of view. To be sure, Universalism considers everything is equal in its natural state. Conversely, the concept of Relativism (the antithesis of Universalism) posits that everything is variable, or, sit uational. â€Å"The universalistic conception of distributive justice, rules are held to be just and unalterable regardless of contextRead MoreRousseau, Mill, And Constant Articulated By Unpacking Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagespaper seeks to point out the distinct visions of liberty that Rousseau, Mill, and Constant articulated by unpacking the central premises of each argument, pitting them against each other through comparing and contrasting. Rousseau’s Vision of Liberty Although, Rousseau distinguishes two specific types of liberty, natural liberty and civil liberty. Rousseau states, that natural liberty is the freedom to pursue whatever that person wants, while civil liberty is the freedom to pursueRead MoreRousseau, Mill, And Constant Articulated By Unpacking Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pagesout the distinct visions of liberty that Rousseau, Mill, and Constant articulated by unpacking the central premises of each argument, pitting them against each other through comparing and contrasting. Although, Rousseau distinguishes two specific types of liberty, natural liberty and civil liberty. Natural liberty, Rousseau states, is the freedom to pursue one s own desires whereas civil liberty is the freedom to pursue the general will. The general will is a key concept in RousseauRead MoreModern Political Theory : Hobbes And Locke s Difference Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pagesthe modern setting using various concepts and thoughts as presented by the two philosophers. Their theories of state are derived from a similar background or concepts but yielded distinct conclusions. In this essay, an account of the reasons behind their different conclusions on theory of state will be comprehensively discussed. The invaluable yet different set of conclusions founded from a similar concept by the two authors can be attributed by various distinct foundations of thoughts. The buildupRead MoreModern Liberalism: Rousseau ´s Theory of Freedom894 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom is a difficult doctrine that takes part in politics. Philosophy emphasized entirely determined by public, particularly in sociology and economics. Liberty can clarify the distinction between negative and positive liberty, the following part of this essay covers two issues. Meanwhile, the second purpose in this essay is to explore the implication of negative and positive freedom on the relationship between the individual and the states which will utilize different real instance in the worldRead MoreThe Rule of Law Essay885 Words   |  4 Pagesidentified and remedied. Many societies that today expound the virtues of the doctrine of the rule of law will in fact have their origins in criminality and revolution. The history of the USA is an example on this point. The concept of the rule of law has been recognised since at least the 4th century BC when Aristotle expressed the view that the rule of law was preferable to that of any individual. His view was that those in power should be subject to some sort of

Copyright Law - 844 Words

Copyright and Copywrong This essay will first examine how copyright law has attempted to be strengthened in New Zealand, and whether that has succeeded in preventing piracy. Next, how New Zealand’s current copyright law stifles creativity will be examined, with comparison to the United States jurisdiction. Lastly, the benefits of reform regarding ‘fair use’ will be discussed. Due to word constraints, examples of creativity will be limited to parody within Pop Art. Recent copyright reforms in New Zealand suggest a shift towards strengthening copyright protection, favoured by copyright holders. For example, a ‘three strikes’ regime acts against internet account holders who either upload or download copyrighted content. Prosecution has†¦show more content†¦However, as technologies that foster copying have developed, as have Art movements that rely on parody. The prime example is Pop Art which recontextualises existing works and items to comment on society. This plays a key role in the digital age by allowing creative expression through ‘original’ work. For example, pop artist Jeff Koons appropriated Silk Sandals, a magazine photograph of shoes, in his painting Niagara, depicting numerous consumer goods. When sued for copyright infringement, the Court accepted ‘fair use’ under its Copyright Act 1976, that Niagara was a criticism of consumerist desires and the bombardment of advertising. This was co nsidered a ‘transformative’ use of the original photograph to create new creative objectives and insights. Interestingly, this suggests that copyright is protecting the idea of the work, as well as expression. If the same case occurred in New Zealand, copyright would be infringed as Niagara reproduces Silk Sandals substantially. Arguably, fair dealing for criticism might apply. Yet, this is untenable as an incredibly high threshold of criticism would need to be shown. Thus, New Zealand’s copyright law regarding use is restricted for failure to align with technological changes. Society values remixed innovation in parodies such as Pop Art. The law must be able to recognise this. New Zealand may favour a fair dealing for parody exception as an expansion of our criticism exception. This is supported by aShow MoreRelatedCopyright Laws And Copyright Law1306 Words   |  6 Pages1422047 Existing Copyright Law Introduction Copyright law is a part of not only music but many other products for example the software that you are reading this document on has more than likely got copyright protection. But for the purpose of this Document the main topic of copyright is going to be based around music. Here is a few facts that may give you a better understanding of copyright as you read... †¢ Copyright Law Came into existence as a spur from a concept from the â€Å"statute of AnneRead MoreCopyright Laws And Its Effects On Copyright1614 Words   |  7 PagesArtists protect their creative works, ideas, and literature by having them copyrighted. Ideally, copyrights protect creative expressions that are personified in a concrete material or fixed form or mediums (Strong 1). Therefore, whenever someone else wants to use some work or art that is created by a different person, they need to seek permission from the owner especially if his or her work is copyrighted. The process of seeking permission to use copyrighted materials is known as licensing. NotablyRead MoreThe Purpose Of Copyright Laws1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of copyright laws in modern society, as confirmed by Darrell Panethiere (2005) is to protect the creative rights of â€Å"authors, performers, publishers, broadcasters, and many others whose livelihoods depend upon the recognition of right s† (p. 1, par. 1) for their intellectual properties. In the contemporary business world, most companies that sell products of some kind depend on other firms for the design, production, and distribution of the product to make it available for selling. SuchRead MoreEssay The Copyright Law1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Copyright Law Copyright is the exclusive right given by law for term of years to author, designer etc., or his assignee to print, publish or sell copies of his original work Copyright is a law that protects published and unpublished work that you can see, hear and touch, from being reproduced without prior consent from the creator of the work. Copyright law and copyright Read MoreCopyright Law On The Planet1278 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Only one thing is impossible for God: To find any sense in any copyright law on the planet† (Mark Twain). The concept of copyright in the United States has a large history. The first form of copyright in the United States stems from Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution in the year 1787, where â€Å"Congress shall have power . . . to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writingsRead MoreCopyright Laws Of The United States1600 Words   |  7 PagesA copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of original works of authorship. â€Å"Copyright law in the United States is based on the Copyright Act of 1976, a federal statute that went into effect on January 1, 1978,† according to FindLaw. FindLaw also states that, â€Å"Individual states c annot enact their own laws to protect the same rights provided by the Copyright Act. Original multimedia works are protected by Copyright.† Literary, dramatic, musical, artisticRead MoreThe Definition Of Uk Copyright Law1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe enduring fascination for people is that they want law to be flexible in the matter of copyright. This was clearly expressed by Ed Mayo, Chief Executive of Consumer Focus quoting UK copyright law is the oldest, but also the most out of date. Before addressing the question it’s important to look at the history and definition of UK Copyright law. It has grown from this beginning to form the main legal basis for the international publishing industry, which contributes so much to literature, learningRead MoreEssay On Copyright Laws1292 Words   |  6 Pages Copyright laws in regards to music should be repealed. The RIAA has misconstrued the perceived effects staring had on artist development and revenue, when in fact the perceived financial short-comings of downloading and peer-to-peer sharing are actually made up through concert-revenue and merchandise-revenue. It is important to take a look into the perceived effects done by the RIAA. The RIAA claim that file sharing reduces sales, with estimated displacement rates ranging from 3.5% for moviesRead MoreThe Development Ofu.s Copyright Law1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe Development of U.S Copyright Law Simon Cho The history of U.S copyright law came from England. As a matter of fact, copyright was not intended to reward creators but to prevent sedition. As the number of presses grew in late fifteenth century in England, the authorities started to grant control over the publication of books to a group of printers, called the Stationers’ Company in mid-sixteenth century. The Licensing Act of 1662 confirmed that licensed printers have the right to publishRead MoreHistory Of Copyright Law With Indian Context Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesHISTORY OF COPYRIGHT LAW WITH INDIAN CONTEXT: India has one of the oldest academic traditions with formal education finding a place in its ancient history. The universities of Takshila and Nalandaare great centers of learning in the early world, teaming with students and teachers from all parts of the world, not to say about the great Gurukul tradition in the age-old past. However, those are the days when learning was considered as gift of God, freely received and freely given. Over the centuries

A Case Study Analysis On Inflation and Unemployment

Questions: (a)Explain whether there is a relationship between inflation and unemployment. Should government interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment? Provide real life examples. (b)Using your home country as a case study outline and analyse inflation, unemployment and growth trends. Identify what range of the aggregate supply curve your country is operating in. (c)Explain how monetary policycan influence an economy, including the exchange rateand employment levels. Answers: Introduction: Economic analysis requires the consideration of various important factors such as the performance of inflationary situation within the economy, unemployment situation as prevalent with it etc. These factors indicate about the ways in which an economy is performing and their consideration would allow for an analysis of the direction towards which the economy is heading. Although these economic indicators have direct level of impact over the performance of an economy, yet they have significant level of interrelationships between them. As such, it is essential to perform an analysis of the existence of relationship between these important economic indicators. This report involves a critical analysis of these important economic indicators such as inflation and unemployment and also the existence of relationship between them. As a part of analysing the relationship between these factors, this report also includes an analysis of whether there should be any interference of government in the process of managing the inflation and unemployment levels across the economy. This is followed by an analysis would be carried out in relation to these economic indicators with regard to their performance in the home country. The analysis of the ways in which monetary policy affects the performance of an economy would also be carried out. The analysis in the report therefore resolves around these factors of inflation and unemployment and their impact over the performance of the entire economy. Inflation and Unemployment: An Analysis of Relationship between Them: Inflation and unemployment are identified as crucial factors indicating the performance of an economy. These concepts represent different meaning and they affect the economic performance in a different way. As for instance, an analysis of the concept of inflation indicates that it is an important concept that indicates the pricing level of products and services which is generally higher and it thereby reduces the purchasing power of people in general. As a result of inflation, people are required to pay more for the same unit of products and services which they could have purchased earlier. The purchasing power of people therefore gets lowered as a result of inflationary situation and this therefore affects their overall ability to buy consumption related activities. Inflation affects the performance of the economy in both the positive as well as negative way. Unemployment on the other hand is another important concept that indicates the employed people and unemployed people in an ec onomy. Unemployment condition is therefore a situation which represents the people that remain unemployed or do not get any jobs. They are usually in search of jobs but their non accessibility to any job situation affects the performance of the economy in a negative way (Gordon, 2004). An analysis of the existence of relationship between these important concepts implies that there has been the existence of certain major relations between them and this relationship affects the ways in which they affects the performance of the entire economic conditions. The relationship is better identified between inflation and unemployment through the application of Phillips curve which has been an important development by A.W. Philips and this tool indicates the existence of relationship between these two important economic indicators. The theory was developed by Phillips in 1958 and it involved the collection of data with respect to the wage level changes for a certain period of time. The collected data has been analysed and it has resulted into identification that there is trade off between the economic indicators such as unemployment and inflation levels and there has been the identification of inverse relationship between these two economic indicators. The existence of such i nverse relationship suggests that with the decrease in one particular factor, there would be an increase in the other. As for example, an increase in the inflation would contribute negatively and results into a decline in the unemployment levels across the economy. This signifies the existence of negative relationship between the important elements of economic performance (Gowland, 1991). Philips curve explains the existence of this relation through the diagram as indicated below: There has been the negative relationship between unemployment and inflation as revealed by the Philips curve above. This shows that with the increase in one factor, there is likely decrease being identified over others. There can be different types of examples that could be applied in explaining this phenomenon of inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation rates in the economy. As for example, a decline in the unemployment rates is an indicator of employee empowerment and they in turn has the better opportunity of demanding higher wage rates from them employer. This example gives an indication of how the inflation and unemployment condition is related to each other. The overall activities that are carried out in an economy at the time of recession are generally lower, but there has been an increase in the demand levels from the economy back into its normal position. The increase in the demand as a result of rise in the momentum provides employees with the opportunity of claiming higher wage rates (Lindauer, 2013). As a result of such higher wage rates that are provided to employees of the organisation, there has been a rise in the prices being charged to the customers for all the products and services offerings. Such higher rates are charged in order to achieve a proper balance in respect to higher wage rates that have been offered to employees. This higher price for the products and services allows the organisation in compensating against the higher wage rates that are offered by them to their customers. However, such higher prices as charged tend to increase the overall pricing level in the economy and the resulting impact is inflationary conditions within the performance of entire economy. This indicates the existence of relationship between unemployment and inflation whereby lower inflation rates contributes in a positive way towards higher inflationary conditions and vice versa. But this existence of relationship between inflation and unemployment is generally of short term in nature, and this is not at all evident in respect to the long run. The unemployment conditions in the long run achieve back its normal rates and as a result, there is no any relationship being identified in respect to them (Solow and Taylor, 1999). Another major feature that explains the existence of relationship between inflation and unemployment conditions in an economy is the production bottlenecks. The levels of productions that are maintained in an economy are the important indicator of unemployment conditions and the inflation levels. As for example, the lower output leads to excess capacity available and this in turn indicates a higher unemployment rate. As a result of this, it is highly difficult in such situation to perform an increase in the pricing levels. But with the aggregate demand increases, the level of output also gets increased and the resulting impact is therefore evident in terms of decline in the unemployment levels. This leads to decline in the excess capacity and the increase in the capacity indicates how much businesses can produce in the short run. The price level as a result of such increase in the demand and the production limits also gets increased. As a result of this particular situation, unemploy ment rates decline and this ultimately results into a rise in the inflationary trends across the economy (Ricci and Benigno, 2009). The aggregate demand and aggregate supply levels are also the important indicators of explaining the relationship between inflation and unemployment situation across the economy. This model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply is highly effective from the point of view of price levels as against the nations real output. This model suggests that with an increase in the level of pricing, the situation as prevalent in the economy would be similar to that of inflationary trends. In addition to this, unemployment situation is defined as the situation similar to that of decline in the level of output across the economy. The demand and supply curve is therefore highly effective in this situation in explaining the trade off in respect to unemployment and inflation levels. The price levels are pushes up from the increase in the aggregate demand and this ultimately reduces the unemployment levels (Ricci and Benigno, 2009). Thus, the analysis above has indicated that inflation is related to unemployment situation in the economy but this relationship is mainly of inverse nature which suggests that when unemployment increases, inflation decreases and vice versa. Role Played by Government in Inflation and Unemployment Trends: Government is an important authority that accounts for ensuring that the entire economy performs in an efficient way. Government in an economy undertakes various such measures aimed at enhancing the overall performance level of the entire economy such as fiscal polices, monetary policy etc and these policies are aimed at achieving maximum level of control over the performance of the entire economic conditions. Government therefore has a direct level of influence over the performance of the economy and since inflation and unemployment levels affect an economys performance, they need to be properly addressed by the government in ensuring that the economy performs in an efficient way. There can be the application of fiscal policy that would be carried out by the government in ensuring that inflation levels are controlled in a positive way. There can be important initiatives that could be considered by the government with a view to control these aspects and these can be reducing expendit ure levels and raising taxes within the economy. But this policy is highly suitable in respect to demand caused inflation and its application is performed with a view to ensuring that the level of inflation is maintained within controlled limit. The impact of unemployment rate is negative in respect to the performance of the entire economy, and it is therefore essential that government should identify measures aimed at achieving minimum level of unemployment conditions so that the performance of the entire economy can be enhanced to a significantly higher level. Thus, the influence of government is identified as direct in achieving improvement over the inflationary trend and the unemployment rates across the economy (Gottheil, 2013). Analysis of Inflation and Unemployment across Australia: As there have been certain major relations being noted especially in respect to the inflation and the unemployment rates, the analysis is therefore specifically focused regarding these factors especially in respect to Australia. As inflation is identified as negative factor from the point of view of the performance of entire economy, this particular economic trend is mainly addressed by appropriate regulatory authority in an economy. As in respect to Australia, the Reserve Bank of Australian (RBA) in particular accounts for the regulation of inflationary trend, and it monitors the entire trend so as to achieve a proper control in this respect (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2014). An analysis has been carried out especially in respect to inflation across Australia, and it is identified that inflation is evident in Australia at 2.3% in 2013 in the third quarter. With respect to the monetary policy in Australia, there has been a target been achieved between the treasurer and the governor f or the same and this is mainly to achieve an inflation rate equivalent to 2%-3% on an average. This agreed rate of inflation level is aimed at ensuring that the economy performs in a highly efficient manner. But this can be achieved through ensuring the attainment of effectiveness with respect to the decision making process and also the monetary policy across the economy (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2014). The inflationary trend as prevalent across the economy over the period of last five years is indicated as follows: The above chart indicates about the prevalent rate of inflation in the Australian economy and it is evident that the inflation level was at its highest during 1970s as it has exceeded the rate of 16%. However, the country has been able to manage a decline in the performance of inflation rates across the economy since then and this is evident from the downward slopping curve as indicated in the chart above. The current level of inflation rate in the Australian economy has been 2.3% which has been within the reasonable acceptable limit of 2% to 3% that has been targeted across the economy (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2014). Apart from the performance of inflationary situation across the economy, the unemployment rate as prevalent across the economy has also been significant. As unemployment situation is identified as the people that remain unemployed in the economy, it is identified as a negative indicator from the point of view of economys performance. An analysis of the unemployment conditions across Australia indicate that it has been maintained at a rate of 6.3% which has been little bit higher as per economys performance. This higher rate of unemployment in Australia is despite the fact that there has been an additional job opportunity that have been created within the economy (Unemployment rate rises to 6.3%, 2014). The performance of unemployment condition in Australia is evident from the chart as indicated below: The above chart gives an indication of the fact that there has been a declining unemployment rate being evident in respect to the Australian economy since 2002 and this trend is evident till 2008 as the unemployment level has reached the minimum in 2008. The unemployment rate has been increasing since then and the financial year 2014 has indicated the unemployment rate has reached a position of 6%. This unemployment rate has increased significantly despite there has been job creation across the economy. Thus, the analysis above indicates about the inflation and unemployment conditions as prevalent across the economy and it is assessed that the inflation rate has been kept under control but the unemployment condition has showed that it has not achieved the favourable condition. There has been an increasing trend being identified especially in respect to the unemployment rate and this has therefore been regarded as a negative factor affecting the performance condition of the entire Aus tralian economy (Australias unemployment rate rises despite record new jobs, 2014). Aggregate Supply Curve that Australia is Operating: This section is now focused towards addressing the aggregate supply curve which is currently operational across the Australian economy and the aggregate supply curve with regard to the Australian dollar is indicated as follows: The supply curve has been indicated in the above curve and this curve is mainly with regard to the Australian dollar and the supply is expressed especially in respect to US dollar. As per the above graph, it has been identified that the Australian and US dollar are intersected at quantity 1. Role Played by Monetary Policy in an Economy: Monetary policy has a significant role over an economys performance and it has a direct level of impact over the growth of an economy. The major ways in which monetary policy affects the performance of an economy are mainly in terms of maintaining equilibrium position in respect to the balance of payment, affecting the cost availability and also the credit availability, and also influencing the inflation level to maintain it at a position that is favourable to the performance of the entire economy. Monetary policy is quite useful in controlling the level of inflation across the economy and this is achieved primarily through the application of qualitative and quantitative methods of credit control. Monetary policy is also quite crucial in achieving positive performance level by way of achieving stability in respect to the price levels across the economy. Monetary policy of an economy is an important way in influencing the entire economys performance conditions as it is quite effective in bridging the balance of payment deficit of an economy in a positive manner. This implies that there can be control over the important economic indicators that could be established through the application of monetary policy within the economy (Mishkin, 2007). Monetary Policy Affecting Exchange Rates and Employment Levels: The exchange rates and also the employment levels as prevalent within an economy are also affected by the performance of monetary policy within an economy. Monetary policy can be applied in terms of expansionary monetary policy or contractionary monetary policy and both these policies have the potential to affect the performance of entire economy in particular. The expansionary monetary policy is undertaken by the central bank and this is mainly undertaken in order to lower down the exchange rates. However, the restrictive monetary policy is undertaken in order to achieve higher rates of exchange within the economy. The employment levels are also affected significantly from the application of monetary policy in an economy, as restrictive monetary policy could dampen the growth of an economy and require firms to lay off their workers. This ultimately result into an increase in the unemployment levels as prevalent across the economy. In these ways, there has been the impact of monetary policy over the exchange rates and the employment conditions that have been prevalent in an economy (Mishkin, 2007). Conclusion: A critical assessment has been carried out in this report with regard to the existence of relationship between the inflation level and the unemployment conditions in an economy and the performance of analysis indicated that there has been the existence of inverse relations being identified in respect to these two important indicators of an economys performance. The analysis has also indicated that the role of government is significant from the point of view of an entire economys performance, as government plays a crucial role in the form of monetary policy and fiscal policy in affecting an economys performance condition. The analysis has also indicated about the inflationary trend and the unemployment conditions as prevalent across the Australian economy, and it is evaluated that Australia is performing efficiently in respect to inflationary situation whereby the unemployment rate has been slightly higher as evident in respect to Australian economys performance. The analysis of the r ole of monetary policy over the exchange rates and the employment levels has also been significant, as it has been identified that there is a direct level of impact of these economic indicators over an economys performance. References: Australia's unemployment rate rises despite record new jobs, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.theage.com.au/business/the-economy/australias-unemployment-rate-rises-despite-record-new-jobs-20141211-124ub2.html [Accessed: 31 January 2015]. Gordon, R.J. (2004), Productivity Growth, Inflation, and Unemployment: The Collected Essays of Robert J. Gordon, Cambridge University Press. Gottheil, F. (2013), Principles of Economics, 7th ed., Cengage Learning. Gowland, D. (1991), Money, Inflation and Unemployment: The Role of Money in the Economy, Palgrave Macmillan. Lindauer, J. (2013), The General Theories of Inflation, Unemployment, and Government Deficits, iUniverse. Mishkin, F.S. (2007), Monetary Policy Strategy, MIT Press. Ricci, L.A. and Benigno, P. (2009), The Inflation-Unemployment Trade-Off at Low Inflation, International Monetary Fund. Solow, R.M. and Taylor, J.B. (1999), Inflation, Unemployment, and Monetary Policy, MIT Press. Unemployment rate rises to 6.3 per cent, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/economics/unemployment-rate-rises-to-63-per-cent/story-e6frg926-1227152393311 [Accessed: 31 January 2015].

Research Paper on Use of Internet Research Paper Example

Research Paper on Use of Internet Paper The use of advanced technology for the organization of communications, processing, and dissemination of information is not new and has a history as old as writing. However, over the last 50 years due to the exponential development of information technology, this process has become very intensive. One of the most important phenomena, characteristic of our time, has become the convergence of information processes with the latest technological developments, mainly related to the communications sector. The massive invasion of the Internet has allowed corporate sector and educational institutions to see clearly, where and how advanced communication technology can be used in their daily activities. How and for how much an access to all information sources of the world are able to improve their performance. The more intense is an integration of modern ICT in different areas of our life, the more obvious is their role and importance. Today, there is no doubt in the necessity to use the Internet for the educational purposes. It was vividly demonstrated that the involvement of the Internet in the organization and management of educational process and learning strategy can lead to a significant increase in access and quality of education on a global scale and, consequently, contribute to the economic effectiveness of educational schemes. All developed countries have already designed more or less comprehensive programs for the introduction of the Internet into education. Moreover, the vast majority of developing countries, in spite of many difficulties, challenges, and obstacles, is struggling to keep up with the general shift toward a global education community. From this point of view, the importance of systematization and analysis of the results of the global use of the Internet for the needs of different educational structures and processes is obvious. As the World Wide Web is an unlimited ocean of information, we need certain mechanisms for effective navigation in the Internet to address very specific learning objectives, non-standard tools for collecting, processing, use, and transfer of educational information. Given that, some countries have already made significant progress in the development of the specialized search and training systems, it appears that to date there is no universal technological tools or Web-based service, which would permit to solve comprehensively information problems of the educational process. It was found, for example, that the majority of educational institutions use now no more than 2-3 of all quantity of applications provided by Web-developers. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Use of Internet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Use of Internet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Use of Internet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If you are eager to write a first-class research proposal on use of Internet, but your skills are not enough, you most certainly need to use free research paper on different topics.to see the procedure, which is used for proper research project composing. These free samples will give you an idea about how to outline your thesis statement and draw a conclusion that will prove the urgency of your investigation. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research paper on Use of Internet topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all research paper details: Enjoy our professional research paper writing service!

Abortion Essays (2067 words) - Abortion, Human Reproduction

Abortion The type of abortion procedure used in elective pregnancy termination is primarily determined by how far a woman is into pregnancy. During the first trimester, you will usually have the option of having a medical abortion procedure or a surgical abortion procedure. Before considering the options, it is recommended that you obtain a sonogram to determine if the pregnancy is viable (uterine, non-ectopic pregnancy) and for accurate pregnancy dating. Abortion: What abortion procedures are used during the first trimester? In most cases, you will have a choice between medical or surgical abortion procedures during the first trimester. Medical abortions are only available up through nine weeks gestation. The types of abortion procedures performed during the first trimester are: Methotrexate Misoprostol (MTX): a medical abortion procedure used up to the first seven weeks of pregnancy. This medication combination is not as commonly used in the U.S. with the availability of mifepristone, which works more effectively for this use. Mifepristone and Misoprostol: a medical abortion procedure used up to the first seven to nine weeks of pregnancy. It can also be referred to as RU-486, the abortion pill and Mifeprex. Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA): a procedure used as early as 3 -12 weeks since the last period. It is considered less invasive with only a local anaesthesia being used on the cervix. Aspiration: a surgical abortion procedure used to terminate pregnancy up to 16 weeks from the last period. It can also be referred to as suction curettage, dilation and curettage (D C) or vacuum aspiration. What abortion procedures are used during the second trimester? Medication based abortion procedures are not an option during the second trimester. The types of abortion procedures performed during the second trimester are: Dilation Curettage (D C): a surgical abortion procedure used to terminate a pregnancy up to 16 weeks gestation. It is also referred to as suction curettage or vacuum aspiration. Dilation Evacuation (D E): a surgical abortion procedure used to terminate a pregnancy after 16 weeks gestation. Induction Abortion: a rarely performed surgical procedure where salt water, urea, or potassium chloride is injected into the amniotic sac; prostaglandins are inserted into the vagina and pitocin is injected intravenously. What abortion procedures are used during the third trimester? Third trimester or late term abortions are not legal in a number of states except in certain medical situations. The time frame referred to as late term is often based on when a baby is considered "viable" ( meaning able to survive outside the womb). However, the point of "viability" is a grey area in many medical communities. Most medical communities establish 24 weeks gestation, the later part of the second trimester, as the earliest time of viabilty. Therefore, the availability of any procedure used in the third trimester is based on the laws of that state. The procedures that can be done in the third trimester include: Induction Abortion: a rarely done surgical procedure where salt water, urea, or potassium chloride is injected into the amniotic sac; prostaglandins are inserted into the vagina and pitocin is injected intravenously. Dilation and Extraction: a surgical abortion procedure used to terminate a pregnancy after 21 weeks of gestation. This procedure is also known as D X, Intact D X, Intrauterine Cranial Decompression and Partial Birth Abortion. *This procedure is now considered against the law in the U.S. according to the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 1995* Abortion is a Serious Ethical Issue: Usually debates about abortion focus on politics and the law: should abortion be outlawed and treated like the murder of a human person, or remain a legal choice available to all women? Behind the debates are more fundamental ethical questions which aren't always given the specific attention they deserve. Some believe that the law shouldn't legislate morality, but all good law is based upon moral values. A failure to openly discuss those values can obscure important discussions. Is the Fetus a Person with Rights?: Much debate about the legality of abortion involves debating the legal status of the fetus. If the fetus is a person, anti-choice activists argue, then abortion is murder and should be illegal. Even if the fetus is a person, though, abortion may justified as necessary to women's bodily autonomy but that wouldn't

Essay on Organizational Diagnostic Models

Essay on Organizational Diagnostic Models Essay on Organizational Diagnostic Models Essay on Organizational Diagnostic ModelsManaging a business requires an integral approach based on the analysis and synthesis of relevant facts. Organizational management requires systems thinking which involves considering the organization in the context with its internal and external factors, inputs and outputs, etc. In order to identify a viable business strategy, it is reasonable to utilize a matching organization diagnosis model. The organization considered in this paper is Whole Foods Market, and the organization diagnosis model which most effectively matches the factors important for Whole Foods Market strategic development is the Nadler-Tushman congruence model. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the chosen company and its operations using is the Nadler-Tushman congruence model, to identify outputs of Whole Foods Market at three levels individual, group and organizational, and to assess the congruence of the outputs.Congruence model and outputsNadler-Tushman congruence model belongs to the class of organizational diagnosis models which consider the organization in relationship to its environment. Congruence model views the organization as an open system which has its inputs and outputs, and is driven by the relevant external factors and internal factors. Congruence model takes into account the history of the organization, its current strategy and the influence of the environment. This model allows to assess the position of the organization and the processes taking place in the organization in the proper context.One of the core advantages of congruence model is the fact that it can be applied for analyzing transformations and change in the organization. Nadler and Tushman identified three types of outputs: individual, group and organizational (Nadler Tushman, 1980). At the organizational level, the companys outputs are its products and services, the companys performance and the extent to which the company manages to implement its goals. At the gr oup level, the performance and the match between goals and achievements of different organizational groups can be considered (Nadler Tushman, 1980). Groups are often divisions or branches of the organization. At the individual level, it is possible to consider different characteristics; in the context of this paper, the key jobs and the approaches to measuring the performance of these jobs will be considered.Whole Foods outputsOutputs at the organizational levelWhole Foods Market sells organic and natural products, so the companys main outputs are the products offered at the stores as well as the sales of these products. The major products sold by Whole Foods Market are perishable goods. According to the companys annual report, the selection of products at Whole Foods Market includes, but is not limited to: produce and floral, grocery, meat, seafood, bakery, prepared foods and catering, coffee, tea, beer, wine, cheese, nutritional supplements, vitamins, body care, and lifestyle pro ducts including books, pet products, and household products (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). The number of SKUs sold in the stores of Whole Foods Market is almost 21,000 (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). In 2013, the sales of perishable products constituted 66.2% of total sales, and the sales of non-perishable products accounted for the remaining 33.8% of sales (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). In particular, Whole Foods Market has a number of exclusive organic brands; the sales of these brands constituted 12% of total sales, and 16% of non-perishable sales (Whole Foods Market, 2014a).The companys sales in 2013 constituted almost $13 billion (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). Overall increase of sales in 2013 was 7%, which is in line with companys growth during 2010-2013 period (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). In 2013, Whole Foods Market   opened 26 new stores, acquired 6 stores and relocated 5 stores. The company expanded into 10 new areas in 2013. The companys net income increased by 18.24% (Whole Food s Market, 2014a). The companys dividends increased by 43%; however, stock prices of Whole Foods Market in 2013 were very volatile and this volatility might have a negative effect on the companys performance (Whole Foods Market, 2014a).As for the current financial performance of Whole Foods Market, it is also very beneficial: the companys current ratio is 1.7, which means that Whole Foods Market has plenty of cash available (Yahoo Finance, 2014). The companys profit margin is 4.14% and operating profit margin is 6.75% (Yahoo Finance, 2014). At the same time, the companys debt to equity ratio is 1.54 (Yahoo Finance, 2014), which indicates that Whole Foods Market is pursuing an aggressive expansion strategy.Outputs at the group levelAt the group level, Whole Foods Market is organized into National Offices and Regional Offices, which oversee the functioning of the store groups at state level and at country level for international locations. Functionally, the major group units in the str ucture of Whole Foods Market are stores. Most decisions which directly influence performance are performed at the store level: hiring, managing supplies, managing sales, etc. The teams (store teams in particular) are independent units in Whole Foods Market. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider the outputs at the store level.The goals of stores are expressed in sales and sales growth and store size dynamics. In 2013, average weekly sales of stores reached $711,000; this value was by 6.9% higher compared to average store performance in 2012 (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). Average size of a Whole Foods Market store in 2013 was 38,000 sq. ft., which is the same as in previous years (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). Taking into account that Whole Foods Market is currently focusing on increasing sales and reducing costs (which means reducing store sizes, in particular), it is possible to state that in 2013 the performance at store level in Whole Foods Market was reasonably high.Outputs at the individual levelIndividual outputs of Whole Foods Market will be considered from the point of view of an employee. There are various types of jobs at Whole Foods Market, which belong to the following directions: delivery of store products, team leadership, facility operations, facility leadership (Whole Foods Market, 2014b). In the individual context, the following five jobs might be considered: healthy eating specialist, produce team member working with sign maintenance, bakery team leader, prepared foods service team member and customer service specialist.The responsibilities of healthy eating specialist include educating customers about healthy food, providing guest service, acting as a spokesperson, demonstrating healthy cooking examples at special events organized by the company, performing ordering of products for the store, stocking and merchandising them (Whole Foods Market, 2014b). Performance characteristics associated with this job are order delivery time, fulfillment of department time and supply margins, inventory level dynamics, inventory turnover and inventory balance.Produce team members in Whole Foods Market have to perform signage of produce and floral products, taking care of sale signs, maintaining inventory of relevant equipment and supplies, operating produce equipment, auditing signs, assisting customers, etc (Whole Foods Market, 2014b). The most appropriate performance measures for this job are customer satisfaction pertaining to signs, signs accuracy and signs comprehensibility.The responsibilities of a bakery team leader include setting team standards, scheduling and assigning duties for team members, supervising, participating in hiring and training of team members, managing inventory and labor, developing and maintaining store layout (Whole Foods Market, 2014b). In this case, key performance values are job satisfaction of team members, team turnover, scheduling efficiency, life-work balance of team members and customer satisfaction. Team members of prepared foods service team have to maintain attractive displays of prepared foods, supporting the customers, packaging and weighing customer selections, making prepared foods (e.g. salads), tracking products and spoilage (Whole Foods Market, 2014b). In this context, key performance measures are speed of service, customer satisfaction, attractiveness of food layout, availability of goods and percentage of spoilage.Customer service associates are responsible for assisting customers, maintaining customer responses, product recalls and customer communications, providing information to the customers, etc (Whole Foods Market, 2014b). The major performance measure for this job is customer satisfaction; speed of customer service and the level of customer awareness can also be considered as performance measures.In general, Whole Foods Market added more than 5,600 new jobs in 2013 (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). The turnover within the company is estimated at 10%, which is consi dered quite low for a retailer (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). Furthermore, Whole Foods Market continues entering the list of 100 best companies to work for during the recent 16 years (Whole Foods Market, 2014a).Congruence of the outputsThe results of the analysis of organizational outputs show that Whole Foods Market is quickly expanding, both at due to organic growth and due to acquisitions. The company is actively investing into growing its store chain. At the same time, Whole Foods Market aims to optimize the costs by reducing store size, reducing losses due to product spoilage, etc. The companys sales have increased at approximately the same rate as during the previous years. It is possible to state that Whole Foods Market effectively reaches its goals at the organizational level.At the group level, the performance of Whole Foods Market is also high: store revenues continue increasing and new stores were opened at a record rate in 2013. Store sizes remained the same, so Whole Food s Market has yet to strive for the reduction in store size. At the individual level, Whole Foods Market offers a variety of jobs with different job responsibilities and performance characteristics. However, the turnover in the company is low and new job openings are being created. Hence, it is possible to state that Whole Foods Market manages to reach its goals at individual level, too.The company manages to utilize its resources in an efficient way. However, Whole Foods Market is too focused on horizontal expansion: the company has a high level of debt despite its strong financial position. The level of adaptability within the company is moderate as Whole Foods Market is pursuing a direct model of growth through increasing its store network. Such business model is vulnerable to market changes, market saturation and the change of customer preferences. Hence, it is possible to recommend to Whole Foods Market to work on the optimization of its internal resources and to consider opport unities of vertical integration.

Argumentative Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Argumentative Synthesis - Essay Example The income inequality has widened tremendously, dependency ratio has increased, and access to basic needs are becoming an issue for quite a number of people from the lower class. On the other hand, America stills remains the world’s superpower boasting of the largest economy, unparalleled democracy and prosperity of its citizens. Considering America is experiencing an equal share of troubles on one hand and prosperity on the other hand, is America actually living the American dream? The idea of the living the American dream is a fallacy considering the ever-widening income gap between the rich and the poor, the burgeoning budget deficit, and the increasingly over-dependent youthful population. Unfortunately, the present situation in America have left so many questioning if at all these dream is still valid. Cal Thomas, a panellist at Fox News Watch, argues that unless radical changes are made, the American Dream is long over. Thomas supports Bob Herbert, a columnist at New York Times, who writes that the sad state of the economy, jobs, budget deficits, and constant war fares are all a pointer of the fact that there is nothing much left of the American Dream. The fundamental argument expressed by Thomas is that the American government has become so dysfunctional creating an over-dependency and cant-do attitude among its citizens. This behaviour does not reflect the American Dream at all. The same sentiments are echoed by Robert Frank, an economic columnist of the New York Times, who feels that it is impossible to live this dream with such a widening income inequality. Brandon King holds however holds a contrary view. He claims that the ideal and values of the American Drea m are still alive based on America’s ability to come out of hardships such as the Great Depression. Certainly, there exists a very thin line between defining success and failure in American dream. As Thomas sees it there are far more problem in